Von der Infektion zur Autoimmunita?t die Bedeutung der Bystander-Aktivierung von Th-Zellen im Modell der experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalitis /

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Infections sometimes associate with exacerbations of autoimmune diseases through pathways that are poorly understood. Antigen-specific mechanisms such as cross-reactivity between a microbial antigen and a self-antigen have received no direct support. Here it is shown that activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in normal mice. This form of treatment induces proliferation and cytokine production in a fraction of effector/memory T helper (Th) lyphocytes in vitro via physical contact of Th cells with CD4--LPS-responsive cells. TCR mediated signals are not necessary; rather what is required is ligation of costimulatory receptors on Th cells by costimulatory molecules on the CD4- cells. This form of bystander activation provides an antigen-independent link between infection and autoimmunity that might fit the clinical and epidemiological data on the connection between infection and autoimmunity better than the antigen-specific models.