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SOIL PROPERTIES, CONDITION AND SOIL LOSSES FOR SOUTH AND EAST BRAZILIAN FOREST AREAS

by Avanzi, Junior Cesar, PhD

Abstract (Summary)
Eucalyptus cultivation has increased in all Brazilian regions. In order to recommend good management practices it is necessary to understand differences in soil properties where eucalyptus is planted. In addition, aggregate stability analyses have proved to be a useful tool to measure soil effects caused by changes in management practices. Besides, the evaluation of soil erosion is an important tool for planning of conservationist management actions allowing appropriate changes on land-use and implementation of sustainable management strategies in the long-term. Thus, the objectives of this study were: i) to determine the main soil properties for different soil classes, and assess the relationship between aggregate stability and changes in soils under eucalyptus plantation, and ii) to predict the potential annual soil loss using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) coupled in a Geographical Information System (GIS). We studied representative soils within three eucalyptus cultivated regions. In the Espírito Santo state the soils selected were classified as dystrocohesive Yellow Argisol – PA1 (Hapludult), moderately rocky Yellow Argisol – PA2 (Hapludult), and dystrophic Haplic Plinthosol – FX (Phinthaquox). In the Rio Doce Valley, center-east region of Minas Gerais state, the samples were collected in dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol – LVA (Haplustox) and dystrophic Red Latosol – LV (Haplustox). In the south region of Brazil the area encompasses eutrophic Red Argisol – PVe (Rhodudalf), dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisol – PVA (Hapludult), and dystrophic Haplic Cambisol – CXbd (Dystrudept). Physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses were performed for the A horizon to characterize the predominant soil profiles. Aggregate stability was measured using the high-energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique. Aggregate stability ratio was greater than 50% for all soils. This fact shows for highly weathered soils with large amount of 1:1 clay minerals, that the aggregate stability index was high. In the Espírito Santo we performed the USLE model in order to evaluate soil erosion. All the USLE factors were generated in a distributed approach using GIS framework. Results showed that the average soil loss was 6.2 t ha-1 yr-1. Relative to soil loss tolerance, 86% of the area presented erosion rate smaller than the tolerable value.
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Bibliographical Information:

Advisor:Marx Leandro Naves Silva

School:Universidade Federal de Lavras

School Location:Brazil

Source Type:Doctoral Dissertation

Keywords:Aggregate stability, HEMC, USLE, Eucalyptus forest

ISBN:

Date of Publication:07/09/2009

Document Text (Pages 1-10)

SOIL PROPERTIES, CONDITION AND SOIL
LOSSES FOR SOUTH AND EAST BRAZILIAN
FOREST AREAS

JUNIOR CESAR AVANZI

2009


Page 2

JUNIOR CESAR AVANZI

SOIL PROPERTIES, CONDITION AND SOIL LOSSES FOR SOUTH
AND EAST BRAZILIAN FOREST AREAS

Dissertation presented to the Federal University
of Lavras as part of the requirements of the Soil
Science Graduate Program to obtain the degree
of “Doctor”.

Major Professor:
Prof.Dr. Marx Leandro Naves Silva

LAVRAS
MINAS GERAIS – BRAZIL
2009


Page 3

Ficha Catalográfica Preparada pela Divisão de Processos Técnicos da
Biblioteca Central da UFLA

Avanzi, Junior Cesar.

Soil properties, condition and soil losses for south and east
brazilian forest areas / Junior Cesar Avanzi. – Lavras : UFLA, 2009.

76 p. : il.
Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, 2009.
Orientador: Marx Leandro Naves Silva.
Bibliografia.

1. Aggregate stability. 2. HEMC. 3. Small watershed. 4. Modeling.
5. USLE. 6. Water erosion. 7. Soil loss. 8. Eucalyptus forest. 9. GIS. I.
Universidade Federal de Lavras. II. Título.
CDD – 631.4


Page 4

JUNIOR CESAR AVANZI

SOIL PROPERTIES, CONDITION AND SOIL LOSSES FOR SOUTH
AND EAST BRAZILIAN FOREST AREAS

Dissertation presented to the Federal University
of Lavras as part of the requirements of the Soil
Science Graduate Program to obtain the degree
of “Doctor”.

APROVED on July 09, 2009
Res. Dr. L. Darrell Norton
Prof. Dr. Nilton Curi
Prof. Dr. Geraldo César de Oliveira
Prof. Dr. Luiz Antônio Lima

USDA-ARS-NSERL/Purdue University
DCS-UFLA
DCS-UFLA
DEG-UFLA

Prof. Dr. Marx Leandro Naves Silva

UFLA
(Major Professor)

LAVRAS
MINAS GERAIS – BRAZIL


Page 5

To God,
for all the works
made in my life

I OFFER

My steps have held to your paths;
my feet have not slipped” Psalm 17:5

I DEDICATE
To my parents, João Leonardo and Maria
Imaculada, for their love and for being
always encouraging me to follow my
dreams. For my wife “G” for
understanding this step of my life; giving
up her career to be with me. I LOVE YOU
ALL!!!


Page 6

AGRADECIMENTOS
A Deus, a Ti não cabem palavras, apenas o silêncio de um coração feliz.
Obrigado por tudo.
Aos meus pais, João Leonardo e Maria Imaculada, por terem me
apoiado sempre e por todos os valores que a mim ensinaram.
À Universidade Federal de Lavras, especialmente ao Departamento de
Ciência do Solo, pela oportunidade de realização do doutorado.
Às agências de fomento CAPES e CNPq pela concessão das bolsas.
À Universidade de Purdue (EUA) e ao Laboratório Nacional de Erosão
do Solo norte-americano (NSERL-USDA-ARS) pela oportunidade de adquirir
novos conhecimentos.
Ao professor Marx Leandro Naves Silva, pela confiança, amizade,
ensinamentos e pela orientação desde o período de graduação.
Ao professor Nilton Curi, pelos conhecimentos transmitidos, amizade e
conselhos.
Ao pesquisador L. Darrell Norton, por ter me aceitado neste estágio
sanduíche, possibilitando o meu crescimento pessoal e profissional, pelos
ensinamentos transmitidos, pela confiança, amizade e conselhos.
Ao professor Carlos Rogério de Mello, pelos ensinamentos transmitidos,
pela disponibilidade em todos os momentos e pela amizade construída.
Aos membros da banca examinadora, professor Geraldo César e
professor Luiz Lima, pelas sugestões neste trabalho.
À minha professora de inglês, Conceição Carvalho, por acreditar em
meu potencial, incentivo e pelas broncas sempre que eu falava em desistir.


Page 7

À Aracruz Celulose S.A. e à Celulose Nipo-Brasileira S.A. –
CENIBRA, pela disponibilidade dos dados, sem os quais não seria possível a
realização deste trabalho.
Aos dirigentes e funcionários da Aracruz e CENIBRA envolvidos na
coleta de dados para realização deste trabalho.
Aos meus irmãos, Keyla e Ronaldo, que mesmo na distância podemos
sentir o amor de um pelo outro.
À minha esposa Gabriela por estar ao meu lado, fazendo-me feliz,
possibilitando-me sonhar a cada dia mais com meu futuro e pelo seu infinito
apoio em minha educação.
A toda família da minha esposa, por me acolher, principalmente nesta
etapa final do trabalho.
Aos amigos de sempre Luciano, Carlos Vinício (Espeto), Túlio,
Natalino, Peter (Pan), Rafael (Fael), Filipe (Filis), Flávio, pelo agradável
convívio, comprometimento e pelo dia-a-dia.
Aos amigos e irmãos em Cristo, do Ministério Universidades
Renovadas, por todos os momentos vividos, pelas orações e alegrias
compartilhadas.
A todos os funcionários do Departamento de Ciência do Solo e às
secretárias Maria Alice e Daniela.
Aos colegas do curso Adriana Monteiro, Paulo Ademar, Bruno Dias,
Ricardo Carvalho, Evaldo Cardoso, Anna Hoffmann, Michele Duarte, Ana
Luiza, Sérgio Martins, Antonio Marcos, Euzelina Inácio, José Zilton, Kátia
Costa, Jussara Frazão, Mayesse Silva, Regimeire Aquino, Flávio Oliveira, Bruno
Ribeiro, Ênio Tarso, Krisle, Sandro Hurtado, Luiz Gustavo, José Geraldo, Évio
Melo, Cezar Francisco, Daniela Zuliani, entre outros, pelos bons momentos de
convivência.


Page 8

À amiga Elizabeth Cabrera por sempre mostrar-se feliz e me contagiar.
Ao amigo Salvador Acuña (Chava) pela grande amizade construída, por
compartilhar as dificuldades e alegrias no trabalho e pelos momentos de
descontrações.
Aos todos os técnicos do Laboratório Nacional de Erosão do Solo norteamericano,
principalmente Ben Zuercher, Brenda Hoffmann, Jim Frankenberge
e Nancy Sanders os quais tive um contato mais próximo.
A todos, que embora não citados, contribuíram para realização deste
trabalho, meu MUITO OBRIGADO!!!


Page 9

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank GOD, I have no words to say, just the
silence of a grateful heart. Thanks for all. I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my parents, João Leonardo and Maria Imaculada, for their love,
encouragement, and for teaching me about the true values of life. I would like to
thank Federal University of Lavras, especially the Department of Soil Science,
for opportunity to do both my M.S and Ph.D. research. I would like to thank
both CAPES and CNPq for granting the scholarships. I would like to thank
Purdue University and National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory (USDA-
ARS), for opportunity to obtain foreground. I would like to thank my major
professor, Dr. Marx Leandro Naves Silva, for his confidence, enthusiasm,
friendship, teachings, and guidance provided since undergraduate. I would like
to thank Dr. Nilton Curi for transmitting his knowledge, friendship, help, and
continual advice. My sincere thanks to Dr. L. Darrell Norton for accepting me in
the Sandwich Program, which became possible my personal and professional
growth, for his confidence, time, friendship, teachings, and advice. I would like
to thank Dr. Carlos Rogério de Mello, for his friendship, time, and suggestions. I
also would like to recognize the other members of my committee, Dr. Geraldo
César de Oliveira and Dr. Luiz Antônio Lima, for reviewing this work and their
valuable suggestions. Special thanks to my English teacher, Conceição
Carvalho, for believing in my potential, stimulating, and not letting me give up. I
would like to thank both Aracruz Celulose S.A. and Celulose Nipo-Brasileira
S.A. – CENIBRA, for providing the data in this project. I am really grateful to
my siblings, Ronaldo and Keyla, that even we are far from other I can feel their
love. I extend my deepest gratitude to my wife Gabriela for being by my side,
making me happy, allowing me to dream more each day with my future, and her
endless support through my educational endeavor. I also would like to thank
Gabriela’s family for hosting in this final step of my Ph.D. program. Thanks to


Page 10

the greatest friends, Luciano, Carlos Vinicio (Espeto), Túlio, Natalino, Peter
(Pan), Rafael (Fael), Filipe (Filis), and Flávio for pleasant living and
commitment with each other. My gratitude for my brothers and sisters in Christ
from Renewed Universities, for all shared moments, prayer and joys. I would
like to thank all staffs from Department of Soil Science, especially the
secretaries Maria Alice and Daniela. Thanks to my friends from doctoral
program, Adriana Monteiro, Paulo Ademar, Bruno Dias, Ricardo Carvalho,
Evaldo Cardoso, Anna Hoffmann, Michele Duarte, Ana Luiza, Sérgio Martins,
Antonio Marcos, Euzelina Inácio, José Zilton, Kátia Costa, Jussara Frazão,
Mayesse Silva, Regimeire Aquino, Flávio Oliveira, Bruno Ribeiro, Ênio Tarso,
Krisle, Sandro Hurtado, Luiz Gustavo, José Geraldo, Évio Melo, Cezar
Francisco, Daniela Zuliani, among others, for great moments shared. Thanks for
Elizabeth Cabrera for being always happy and cheering me up. I also would like
to express my gratitude to Salvador Acuña (Chava), for great friendship made,
sharing the work’s difficulties and joys, and relax moments. I would like to
thank all staffs from National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, mainly Ben
Zuercher, Brenda Hoffmann, Jim Frankenberge, and Nancy Sanders, who I had
a close contact. Finally, I would like to acknowledge all people that although not
mentioned contributed direct or indirect in this work.
I THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH!!!

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