Microhabitat associations of wintering birds in a Southeastern bottomland forest within the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida
APPENDIX I.
All birds detected during surveys, their sample sizes, along with the number of habitat
covariates tested. Habitat covariates are further divided into physiognomic and floristic
covariates tested. Total number of detections includes detections at all distances.
Number of sites is truncated at 100 m unless indicated otherwise.
Genus species Common Name Detections
Sites
present
Physiognomic Floristic
Total
covariates
Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow* 259 43 3 4 7
Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch 403 40 7 4 11
Turdus migratorius American Robin 555 40 5 4 9
Scolopax minor American Woodcock** 1 1 - - -
Black-and-white - -
Mniotilta varia Warbler** 8 7 -
Strix varia Barred Owl* 66 37 5 5 10
Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher** 15 9 - - -
Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher** 14 9 - - -
Vireo solitarious Blue-headed Vireo 77 47 4 4 8
Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay 70 27 4 5 9
Coragyps atratus Black Vulture* 31 15 2 5 7
Certhia americana Brown Creeper 24 14 2 6 8
Poecile carolinensis Carolina Chickadee 360 26 7 5 12
Thryothorus 5 7 12
ludovicianus Carolina Wren 972 26
Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing* 18 11 2 6 8
Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle* 246 20 5 5 10
Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk** 1 1 - - -
Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat** 12 7 - - -
Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker 207 43 7 5 12
Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird* 30 19 3 3 6
Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe 181 46 4 7 11
Megascops asio Eastern Screech-Owl** 2 2 - - -
Pipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee* 16 9 4 4 8
Contopus virens Eastern Wood-pewee** 3 2 - - -
Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse 471 37 5 8 13
Corvus ossifragus Fish Crow* 40 23 2 3 5
Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron** 1 1 - - -
Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet 22 16 4 6 10
Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird** 1 1 - - -
Ardea alba Great Egret** 2 2 - - -
Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker 15 10 6 8 14
* denotes that this species was analyzed but unlimited distance point counts were used. ** denotes that the species was detected at
least once but an insufficient sample size was obtained for analyses.
38
APPENDIX I. continued.
Genus species Common Name Detections
Sites
present
Physiogno
mic Floristic
Total
covariates
tested
Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush 19 14 5 7 12
Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler 224 34 4 7 11
Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal 121 43 5 8 13
Orange-crowned - -
Vermivora celata Warbler** 9 5 -
Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler 109 39 6 5 11
Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker 210 49 6 9 15
Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch** 1 1 - - -
Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker 750 22 7 7 14
Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet 441 40 6 8 14
Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk 355 33 4 7 11
Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird* 45 11 5 6 11
Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird* 91 38 - - -
Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow** 7 2 - - -
Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow** 35 8 - - -
Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture* 82 43 4 6 10
Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo** 17 9 - - -
Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey** 3 3 - - -
Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren 72 41 8 8 16
Aix sponsa Wood Duck 629 18 3 8 11
Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 522 34 4 8 12
Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker 425 36 6 6 12
Dendroica dominica Yellow-throated Warbler** 1 1 - -
* denotes that this species was analyzed but unlimited distance point counts were used. ** denotes that the species was detected at
least once but an insufficient sample size was obtained for analyses.
-
39
APPENDIX II.
Individual species and their corresponding best detectability models (∆QAIC = 0). Also shown are occupancy (ψ) and
detectability (p) intercepts’ β values alongside detectability covariates’ β values. These models can be used along with
software such as GENPRES to estimate detection probabilities and sampling effort needed to complete future research
goals.
40
Species Model QAIC weights Parameters Detectability covariates
ψ (SE) p (SE) Date (SE) Time (SE) Temp (SE) Wind (SE)
American Crow ψ(oak-hickory), p(date+wind) 0.30 0.48 (0.25) -0.36 (0.16) 0.65 (0.11) -0.45 (0.11)
American Goldfinch ψ(tupelo+sweetgum+ground), 0.40 -0.88 (0.47) -2.14 (0.32) 0.60 (0.20) -0.44 (0.21)
p(date+temp)
American Robin ψ(ground), p(time) 0.33 0.89 (0.31) -1.43 (0.14) -0.62 (0.11)
Barred Owl ψ(tupelo), p(date+wind) 0.26 -0.36 (0.37) -1.74 (0.32) 0.51 (0.17) -0.35 (0.19)
Blue-headed Vireo ψ(BA), p(date+wind) 0.37 0.46 (0.56) -1.38 (0.29) 0.53 (0.16) -0.39 (0.17)
Blue Jay ψ(.), p(.) 0.50 -1.61 (0.23) -1.02 (0.21)
Black Vulture ψ(tupelo), p(date+temp) 0.38 -2.50 (0.39) -1.92 (0.38) -1.33 (0.40) 0.53 (0.28)
Observer
(SE)
Brown Creeper ψ(.), p(observer+ wind) 0.24 -2.19 (0.38) -4.01 (1.05) 0.65 (0.38) 2.71 (0.75)
Carolina Chickadee ψ(.), p(date+temp) 0.33 0.13 (0.17) -0.80 (0.11) 0.22 (0.09) 0.37 (0.10)
Carolina Wren ψ(.), p(date+wind) 0.28 1.00 (0.20) -0.30 (0.12) 0.22 (0.08) -0.33 (0.09)
Cedar Waxwing ψ(oak-hickory+ canopy), p(date) 0.37 -3.56 (0.83) -2.25 (0.55) 0.80 (0.38)
Common Grackle ψ(tupelo+leaf litter), p(time) 0.23 -0.64 (0.44) -2.05 (0.27) -0.35 (0.17)
Downy Woodpecker ψ(stems), p(time) 0.21 0.73 (0.35) -1.32 (0.14) -0.32 (0.12)
Eastern Bluebird ψ(.), p(date+observer) 0.45 -1.25 (0.42) -2.18 (0.52) 1.29 (0.37) -2.58 (0.81)
Eastern Phoebe ψ(water), p(wind+observer) 0.15 0.00 (0.30) -0.86 (0.28) -0.37 (0.15) -0.45 (0.26)
Eastern Towhee ψ(oak-hickory), p(.) 0.39 -1.88 (0.53) -1.62 (0.50)
Tufted Titmouse ψ(.), p(date+wind) 0.31 0.13 (0.19) -0.72 (0.15) 0.53 (0.11) -0.36 (0.11)
Fish Crow ψ(.), p(date) 0.31 -1.66 (0.32) -1.76 (0.35) 0.77 (0.30)
Golden-crowned
Kinglet ψ(pine), p(date+observer) 0.78 -1.64 (0.46) -3.62 (0.67) 0.73 (0.29) 1.63 (0.60)
APPENDIX II. continued.
41
Species Model QAIC weights Parameters Detectability covariates
Hairy Woodpecker ψ(maple), p(date) 0.38 -3.49 (0.56) -1.42 (0.50) -0.64 (0.38)
Hermit Thrush ψ(sawpalmetto+water+stems), p(.) 0.39 -2.67 (1.00) -2.39 (0.50)
Yellow-rumped Warbler ψ(pine), p(date) 0.38 -0.10 (0.20) -1.25 (0.15) 0.90 (0.13)
ψ (SE) p (SE) Date (SE) Time (SE) Temp (SE) Wind (SE) Observer
(SE)
Northern Cardinal ψ(holly), p(time+observer) 0.37 -0.99 (0.28) -2.70 (0.37) -0.69 (0.20) 1.51 (0.36)
Pine Warbler ψ(leaf litter), p(date) 0.37 -1.61 (0.37) -2.27 (0.38) 1.46 (0.27)
Pileated Woodpecker ψ(oak-gum-cypress), 0.46 -1.19 (0.42) -3.56 (0.92) -0.57 (0.25) -0.65 (0.38) 1.97 (0.86)
p(temp+wind+observer)
Red-bellied Woodpecker ψ(holly), p(.) 0.37 0.44 (0.18) -0.49 (0.08)
Ruby-crowned Kinglet ψ(tupelo), p(observer) 0.27 1.55 (0.24) -0.84 (0.11) 0.59 (0.14)
Red-shouldered Hawk ψ(elm+oak-gum-cypress),
p(temp+wind+observer) 0.44 -1.35 (0.38) -0.27 (0.68) -0.47 (0.28) -0.94 (0.39) -1.60 (0.65)
Rusty Blackbird ψ(stems), p(date+wind) 0.23 -0.50 (0.95) -1.83 (0.73) -0.71 (0.35) -1.43 (0.52)
Turkey Vulture ψ(.), p(date+time) 0.40 -0.16 (0.33) -2.41 (0.26) -0.43 (0.16) 0.88 (0.19)
Winter Wren ψ(tupelo+stems), p(temp+observer) 0.33 -0.09 (2.43) -2.43 (0.37) -0.34 (0.18) 1.22 (0.37)
Wood Duck ψ(hickory+water), p(observer) 0.26 -0.83 (0.31) -3.26 (0.34) 2.86 (0.35)
Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker ψ(hickory), p(date) 0.11 0.17 (0.21) -0.21 (0.08) 0.28 (0.08)
Northern Flicker ψ(.), p(.) 0.47 0.15 (0.20) -1.18 (0.13)