?????????

by Shin, Chi-lam

I

(-ANGIYll-wei. e.nent $chblar, leader pf' ~hei

?c .?_ I,

~89,8 R1WonMoYfimell'. \tu on?of the?i.llIpoJt~ant flr-guttee?

._~~, .? J.idepou~ed k tr~t'.or.Iaperl.a1 Ch ??Wi t~;i.&th._H

~.J .? ;

, .'r~rk! of Conf'uc:tan[ tradition into 8i country ea~l ?

?t fliving, in the mo4ex11 world. Ie did not favour ..?,.-.lutio. but advo4at&d reforms and grad~al .Yo~ut~on~ Al-iLl-llid pOl1-tlc""?ideas" and pr1neip~e.lWe" '"tl1ere1.D1 l>asad andderl ved fJoom his view Qt h1stor:lea1 prbgress. Hy,thesis is an Jattempt to i1lustrate K'ang's vi~w of l1i~or~ct4 ? opess: ana to eXplore into i 'tie o:ri~n, i ~p~lI.c.tion ~ linf1ue~c ? '11here are aJ.togetJutl'!"slll

,\ . , .... :' ,

'~h"'~s ~nd belw ts a-brielac~outlt?4 each ofLthem.

Chapter I is an aedount of the ge.e~a.l.' baokgrdundot K'abgtim., tamilycireumstances, e.t\loatioJ1 -.ad 'tn.. vuiobsschOol$Hof tboug.t that p~t')aueed:?lie grea~t iat-luene-ein hi ?

Both Chapte~B II ~nd III illustrat$ K~ang's view 01 hlstoridal progreB~ in various fields. Eth?a11Yt tctangwas!rrelLitte:d'to take; amIturaltstic 'vlew or~o~iva8 and Bentimants~ He eons1deredthat hlstor7 p~eeded in the diJ!'ection! otse.ki$1g ~easur$ and ~huxmirlg suffering. His i~eaof religioD.ihcludes tvdph4Se$ .? !In the first phase , he enYas:i'.oned theworl,d iasan'essentiallymoral-s;retem, withmG'Xl as the ~t\ral

figure, andtJ1ust among al11 the gI-etlt riel:i'.giQ_s of the world, Confucianism was for him the supreme one. According

II

tl _,,! j, __ j I . L. \' ._ ~ I, : ; i ! j

'f t~aD ? ~en :were o~ In ,ne" or :1eliei()~ bo!C&1tse ~her

?eU oorto?mota]. pe~J:ectioa and also becaJas~ the1"

f: 'j !' _: -

.tlne.j.t.t1~i~ l"em.ined ciictcatite. ~.ben the Lg~ ot

! ! _ ~ ~ _ ! :. ; , _ -' ::

qon.ni 1;7 IandOr.nd Peace woul.d come into be!DS. ,all.

".1 i i L_ .. ' ,. , - .; . --,j ,

lielig1O_.t in4u4ing CcmfuQunisa wquld ha.te .rVed *-heir

I : Ii i I " " . : ! i i;

_e~l,u~o" a~ tin~ OO~1Be u.eeessiu-y., iltl1he' ,

I! '" ?i ' I . i '.':: ':

.~~nd ph*-. :X'~ 'began to -.as.e,tthat men ~d :hlsvorld :

.r; lUllmPortant. but ~ meft ~ptl~ in .a intinlttJ un~ve~se;.

~ :' .. '" ;-'0' -.- - -----; ,- ;.-- '~- ; .. _ r- ,.".,-~: _: i

~n.e. any' kind .f ref~rms on: warth ,did not merit! oO$sitler-

.1.' 1. __ , '. ,(:It-!''' ""f?'- i .. ,)' ,:' \, L.,!

'tjio ??Xn~e-ad. he strdngly urged men to tf'an~eIld tie

I \ I,' i' i ' ;; i

*r1d. to iI"OM the heaveD end: to acquire hawi1eds ~

~ j j :' -' '.' ! i i .

~t.dr&~ing them$elv~5 to an imaginar.1 world untdUch.d

I,' ..

tV'$tri1rlr~s. 5t;t>ife8~ :and d1el11usi.onmentoe :En

~lainlDE.1 hltltDl"ica~ propeso. 11e ~ildicat~d to:r;' h~to~7

i :' I :'; : I, l 1 <

??"~l.a .c>y~ in ,thfllte ~t~ge8= fro1'1\ the rg.otD1aoifae~' to

j! ?I :: ,i i' i ? i

.he:.' of ?D4reMias B~ atld ,Equ.u,t7 aM ti1nal.l7 to'

;;-., ~ _ Ii, - : ! -~: ~, ; ! " ~.:

the' Age' ot Co.pl~te f'eace and" Equallty ? ne ltlutee $tage."

t :" ',' - ~ i";" _" - ,- _" __ m_ - '. \' .,-~ ; -- -.,

~o~ver~ dan ~e $ubdlvlded within thems.lv~8 ~to le ??..?

__ ~._ ..... ,~.,._.i " ... , ;-._- ..... ,-- '," .... -- , ,- . -'; "'-- --' ._, ..... ~

Age ? of; D~30rder. Increasing Peace and Equal.!"'. und

~. , i; , - , __ : _ - '_ - , j j " 1

"'~ompletf ~e:ae_ and t;q;ualitNI and each of tb"G~ l~u

l~gc. ~ be subdivided .andag8.in lB1lbd1videl withOut

J \ _ \~' " ! ~.

1imltlill.' .,

"

'Chapter IV narrates the applieati.o}1 of 'Xf'aag's

.l

"iev &~ h~8'orlca1 pl"OSreS8. 1ft th-e tirst. iBSt~. he

;'ointed out that the t$.ditiol1nl 1nte,rpretfttiotD. 4t"cl~l)Dt Ohinese histo.,. fiG tbe ~Gt c$.vlU.z(fd ap. waa i~ fa .. ot ~ncrediblEl. In eoDtr~t to tb~ g~.ttraait~n~Ph~ ~li11 aetllh. i.te1.1e.tua]. tone itluit histb17 J>rocee4ed'

. - .

ire. t.he st&U of ?.?~ to the; state of cirillz ? Uoa.

On the other ,ad,. b.e tried to de;pidt CQnfuciu asa

III

'.' ". i .... ,., ... " ..........???..... ' ..?.??..??..?. "L ,' ?.... ' .... , ', ?............ ' U?

. q:oe"~,1"'fOr-~~/4!t~;t~~~ti~a.~.~~~~+~'.!l;f_~:.teWi

;; c: . l 1 ! .. :': .

t~elteu4a1i Cho~ ~over~ni., ? airEl!.U~~. ~he conten~e at

i~e:tiv, C~ass~c~ we~e pom~em~1ated Ito Qe ?nt~c~s'. ,brri~l.ta,t '-del? ~:rr~fop:-mstl! rFroa lj888?o ila~8tK?aJ1.g 1,,--~IIl~ri4iz~ut~e iThr.nel OJl~elen.,c~qDS t ~h :u. ~_ ,~g~Dg ~1"0~ ;~fqrmsin; the! &4vel"~ejnt. -4-mong thee.

~~ri4st the ~~nd.ental ~10S4JP"was t~ChllJ1ge is t~e l1'lq ot. Rea!Ve1?/' ?. In; th. <;haptel'\.?K~an~' S ~o.t t-Fqu.~ork-. "Ira :'l'unS Shuu,) 1* 'whf.c~K ~dee1:rilbettl

.' ~~s lQ~~ Wo~ld l'h:\losCl?hr. 1.s a:qalysed. a#d 1nterpreted ia. diet.ll. The work i t.elf is oae at tbe ~a' t;ypicjaJ. e."plea of the application ot hie histori4al .iew ot

p ? ogress ?

.. ; ?...... fh8:pte~ V_~ ? s the int~\1enc. ,01J Kt~:nB.8

Y.e~ othi$tor,J In h~s ti ? a4d in s~ceeeding ~e~s.

~: ~ , \ , :: ~

It is o_vibUs that K.angml~:4:i.r ? ,t1;t~$~~~~e~.~ the

i -: ,'; ,.' , . !: : ' - ~ ~ - :

, hls~or1c;a1:t;hought of taee.ar~y y~al"$ot'L::tA1iG Ch~"';ehtoa

.ahdJ1.GIA Tseng-yuo'a "lIiatory.of AnciCid.t China".

Hisindire.t influenee on later events is .iewed trom e~ght a~eae: (1) on the'seareh of evidence in anelen~ Chit\ese hist0171 (2) on: the; tende"qoflowering Confucius'

?'s'tatus tn modern :~I(J) o~ th, change of attitude .itowa;rdf,i, the ClJilssles; (It) .. OIl the deeper~nd detailed

S~U ? of Chineee eu~1f\lx:tU (5) on the prelYal.eht comparison ot Oriental and Occidental culture; (6) 'On the assert:io~ '

of the ldej of historical pl'ogress; (7) on the stud,.

. '.

-91 tbe chrollological or41t'1!'- of ?the ancient WOrit4J1 and (8)

'.; ,J

0&1 the ohange othis.orical j~d.gell1ent. .or value inm.odjer.

Cbi-..

Xu the last chaptier. I attempt, to evaluate and "

IIt_

; ",

i' ' .' ; 1

, ~e~!_'_~'fO~~'?~.it~,~~&"';!t,-'~'~il;~;.,.?_~~"te~ dj;

t~elfeudal: Ch~ ~ovet~nt~ +8 air~su1~. ~he ~onten~s ot t~e it1v, C~ass~c~ we~e bom~emt1ated :to ~e ~ont~c~s' btr:'i~lttu~t lde?<1t'!f4btorms., [!'roll ~B8to 18~. K"'a~g

!.,_-+1I~1zJ1d ... tpe IThrtn.'cmf8e,enoc~iQns t' .eaph 'tim4 ~~g~~ ~ro~~t~rms in! th~ &tv~I"f1Dleint. -+m0ng thes. : . mr~rialS'i the: ~~.d.e~al ;phtlosopblYwas 'fChaag~ is t- ~e lVia;J' ot, HealV'e~ft. ; In! th. qhaptel'\, K~an$'s {4o.t

ft-c:tue--work-, Il~a lTunt Slmu,!, i" u-whleh. K-~.ng~riibe1t1 b.jI.s .. LO:q~ World Phi,lQst:?hr'" ?.~lysed and interpreted i. d$tail. The WQr~ it.el, is o'e of tbe Illost typi~ e."ple$ of the appltcation 01 hie historieal view ot

p ? ogres$.

,, __ , Cha.pter V.~'UIS.S the influence ,of; Kf~gtia

Y~e~ of h1~tor.r in h~s tim. a4d i. succeeding te~5. It ~s-o.Vi~s th.t K.an$'li?4ireeti~Il!~e.~e~i~ (l;he , hlstori4al thoug4t ot the ear:ay years at LIANG, Ch~-ebl0a ,and 1mIA T~yiao '$ "Hiewryo?Ancient ahi_".

Hla indirect influenee on later eTents is ~iewed from e~ght a~eas: (1) on 'he'search of evidence in ~clen~

'CJlinese hie;tol1l (2) on, the; t.ndeacy of lowering Contuci~sl 'datu8 in IlOde~ '~;.('l 0.' the change of a.ttitude j;ow.~ds th~ C~s$iQ$1 (it) OIl tb~ deep~r and detailed

s~u ? ot Chine$eeu:l:'~~~u (5) on the pr&'Valeht cOllparison

o?Oriental a.nd Occidental culture; (6) on the as~ertion '0' the ide'" of. htsto:J/"ieal p:roares$; (7) on tlie stud,.

.-01 tbe chronolt>gi.ealor41-el"pf'the anei~at work., and' (B)

, '

,"~ll the change othis-'ortcal judgeIllentof value in mcui!ern

Chi_.

-.oriticS" l(' __ 'UVDW lofhistorloa1 P"gRSG in two poi.ta_: Fil"st17. I' pdlnt out that It'.ag'o zeal ,and

.. ~

adV~Cac' tor cbatlges aUd reforms arEt unclenlable b~lt

ll1s ,:i.d~ wer. bM!clll~ uotb.er V?1!'fJioa or the ~t~t~i'Ofl 0' ~1_ tbeught. "~;ec()r,wU~. i.ehad

1 ; ; , .:' . ; ,,! .~ ?. ,.: ~

_ '1x~ aJld !~Dlai~d the COliN. ,.aDd dlrect10n o't~istorical

: :." ... 'j ,: - - -., " :" --- ':' ',' - . '-,- .. ~ !' -.- - -'." "-' I " " ' - - ~

.bUps! ~1eh 'cOtlld baltdl7 be:predi~'te4 and mOst

., ??,~:( ,. ? _ ? _.1 > ': ? ;""-""'''''_' ,.n _ ;"-:" _ .. ".

tmporta",tliy t be had "0' aCCot.'qlted t()J" the ~J\tern.u and ,

: ; ; - ':! .; : ~ "

()bjftct1vef"aeiore tbat ent~rc,a 'one jags to,' m9"e tawatde

ano~

;,